For Practitioners

This report documents findings produced by Task 3.2 “Transition of agri-environmental systems to climate-neutral food systems” within WP3 “Agri-environmental policy experimentation”. The task aims to explore EU farmers’ acceptance of both compulsory measures (such as an agricultural emissions trading scheme) and voluntary carbon markets. It will also examine other economic instruments, including carbon, or CO2e, taxes and innovative subsidy schemes (such as result-based payments (RBPs) and hybrid payments (HPs)), designed to encourage climate-friendly farming practices. In addition, Task 3.2 has the objective to investigate whether and to what extent behavioural factors affect farmers’ acceptability of such economic policy instruments. To address these objectives, two contextualized experiments involving a total of about 1,100 farmers were conducted, one in Italy and the other in Denmark.

This report, prepared under Work Package 3 (WP3) of the VISIONARY project, contributes to the overarching aim of identifying policy levers that can support transitions towards sustainable farming and food systems in Europe. WP3 investigates how behavioural approaches and experimental methods can help design effective agri-environmental policy interventions to address three key transition challenges: climate neutrality, halting biodiversity loss, and improving water quality. In this context, our study focuses on the potential of a labelling framework for dark green agri-environmental climate measures (AECM) as one possible policy lever to incentivise farmer participation and thereby strengthen the biodiversity transition.

The shift to organic farming is influenced by a mix of interconnected barriers and drivers. A review of existing research, mental models, workshops, and interviews highlighted common problems such as unstable demand, limited processing facilities, not enough advisory support, labour shortages, and inconsistent policies. At the same time, positive factors like farmer-to-farmer learning, advisory help, clear action plans, collaboration across different sectors, and public awareness campaigns were identified. These findings show that the move to organic farming is not blocked by a single issue but depends on how well the whole food system works and how different actors—farmers, advisors, processors, distributors, consumers, and policymakers—coordinate their efforts.

Water resource management at the landscape scale is vital for addressing environmental and hydrological challenges in European agriculture. Due to fragmented land ownership, management must extend beyond individual properties and align with hydrological systems, requiring collaborative governance involving farmers and other stakeholders. This study (Milestone 9) on motives and barriers of collective action to reduce the impact on water resources uses Elinor Ostrom’s design principles (DPs) as a diagnostic tool to assess institutional robustness in three cases: irrigation management in Spain and Hungary, and catchment-based nitrogen regulation in Denmark. The Spanish case shows strong alignment with DPs, featuring nested, user-driven organizations and legal recognition of collective rights. The Hungarian case shows strong top-down control, but lacks the capacity to implement complex and collective water management initiatives, as well as the necessary bottom-up cooperation, coordination and professional guidance. The Danish case diverges notably from DPs due to limited stakeholder involvement and user autonomy. These findings demonstrate how institutional context and governance design affect legitimacy and effectiveness in water management. While Ostrom’s principles offer a valuable institutional benchmark, they provide limited insight into behavioral factors influencing farmer participation. We propose that future research on Ostrom’s principles need to incorporate behavioral perspectives to better understand successes and failures of collective agri-environmental schemes for sustainable water resource use. Our follow-up work will move beyond institutional analysis to explore the behavioural levers and barriers in collective agri-environmental programs.

In this article, we present a scoping review of agent-based models (ABMs) in food systems, focusing on how behavioural insights are incorporated. The article was published in the "Environmental Modelling & Software Journal" and is the corresponding output to “Deliverable 5.3 - Review of food systems models and their behavioural assumptions. We find that many models lack behavioural justification and highlight the need for a stronger foundation of behavioural assumptions.

We suggest the following tentative guidelines to support future ABM development in food system modelling:

• Behavioural justification. Behavioural choices should be justified by theory or data. E.g., by using the MoHuB framework to identify relevant behavioural theories.
• Model parsimony. Models should be kept as simple as possible by focusing on specific parts of the food system and limiting spatial scope to what’s necessary to answer the research question.
• Transparency and documentation. The use of standardized protocols, such as ODD + D, is recommended to improve transparency, reproducibility, and comparability.

This study (Deliverable 2.1) consists of a systematic literature review to map levers and lock-ins to give an overview of drivers for behaviour change and their relevance to specific actors in the food system and specific value chains. This was achieved by performing an umbrella review of systematic and structured literature reviews conducted in relation to the behavioural aspects of sustainability transition in food systems. This review resulted in a systematic mapping of the factors influencing behavioural change of food system actors (so called 360° Reviews) and a narrative synthesis of the recommendations made by the selected reviews.

Report on the generic and specific drivers associated with the policy context
This Deliverable 6.1 compiles, analyses and contrasts the outcomes from two tasks of VISIONARYs ‘Science-Policy Interfaces and relationship building’. The two taks ‘Policy and regulatory context mapping’ and ‘Participatory foresight exercises’ ran in parallel and intertwined. The purpose of this analysis is two-fold. First, it aims to feed into the design of the experimental research to be undertaken in the various empirical tasks included in other VISIONARY work packages. Second, it allows for identifying and discussing relevant policy gaps that need to be tackled in the EU and UK policy cycles to come.

This working paper on drivers and barriers in value chain initiatives is part of VISIONARY project Milestone 15. This document presents an analysis of drivers and barriers to enabling sustainability innovation in seven agribusiness initiatives in seven partner countries (Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Spain, Poland, UK).

This report presents the findings of a study conducted as part of the VISIONARY project, which explores the challenges and opportunities within European food legume value chains. The study focuses on identifying the barriers that limit the adoption of plant-based proteins, particularly legumes, in Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Spain. It also explores potential strategies and levers to boost the uptake of these products. The key findings highlight the obstacles to adoption and pinpoint leverage points that could drive greater acceptance of legumes in these countries.

This report marks a significant step in our exploration of sustainable value chains through detailed case studies, focusing on value chain initiatives and business models. We examine individual case studies across seven partner countries: Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Spain, Poland, and the UK. Our analysis employs a practice-based approach to understanding how sustainability is integrated into these value chains. By studying real-world practices within organisations and across supply chains, we gain insights into the connections—both supportive and challenging—that impact sustainability efforts. This perspective sheds new light on the internal dynamics and broader implications of sustainable practices within value chains.

Work Package 1: Engagement, communication, dissemination and exploitation
Milestone 1 

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This Analytical Framework will steer the empirical research of the VISIONARY project, with regards to policy interventions, to novel value chain initiatives and business models, and to leverage points in the agri-food systems. The Analytical Framework adopts a novel approach combining two substantially different approaches: quantitative, experimental and behavioural economics on the one hand, and qualitative, comprehensive systems thinking approaches on the other.

This publication gives an overview of the 16 foresight workshops undertaken in eight European countries with our science policy interfaces (SPI) participants - around 270 stakeholders from the food system, among them farmers, policymakers, scientists, retailers and NGOs. The foresight exercise framed their discussion of some of the most pressing issues of our food systems: agricultural water management, the future of organic food and farming, and the promotion of plant-based products along the value chain.

This Initial Conceptual Framework assembles VISIONARY’s theoretical and conceptual foundations, explaining the systemic character of the food system and its transitions towards sustainability, the role of food actors’ behavioural factors in conditioning such transition and the interaction between research and policy-making to accelerate. This initial framework sets the foundations for the ‘Empirically grounded Conceptual Framework’ to be released in the summer of 2025. After a preliminary review of the approaches revolving around food system transition towards sustainability and its behavioural dimension (in particular of farmers and consumers), the document focuses on two main domains: ‘behavioural food policies’ and ‘sustainable business models’. Finally, the document deepens into the transdisciplinary approach of the project, based upon the concept and implementation of Science-Policy Interfaces.